Discuss the classification of computer with examples. Also explain the types of memory in detail?

 ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD

(Department of Computer Science)

WARNING

1. PLAGIARISM OR HIRING OF GHOST WRITER(S) FOR SOLVING THE ASSIGNMENT(S) WILL DEBAR THE STUDENT FROM AWARD OF DEGREE/CERTIFICATE, IF FOUND AT ANY STAGE.

2. SUBMITTING ASSIGNMENT(S) BORROWED OR STOLEN FROM OTHER(S) AS ONE’S OWN WILL BE PENALIZED AS DEFINED IN “AIOU PLAGIARISM POLICY”.

3. 
   

Course: Introduction of ICT (1431 / 9421)    Semester: Autumn, 2021

Level: ADC/ADE/BS/BEd   

Please read the following instruction for writing your assignments. (AD, BS, BEd, MA/MSC, MEd, MPhil and PhD)

1. All questions are compulsory and carry equal marks but within a questions the marks are distributed according to its requirements

2. Read the questions carefully and then answer it according to the requirements of the question.

3. Hand written scanned assignments are not acceptable

4. Upload your typed (in Word or PDF format) assignments on or before the due date.

5. Late assignments can’t be uploaded on LMS.

6. Your own analysis and synthesis will be appreciated.

7. Avoid irrelevant discussion/information and reproducing from books, study guide or allied material   

ASSIGNMENT No. 1

(Unit 1–4)

Total Marks: 100                               Pass Marks: 50

Note: All questions are compulsory. All carry equal marks.

Q:03 (a). Discuss the classification of computer with examples. Also explain the types of memory in detail?

.

PC (Personal Computer)

A PC can be defined as a small, relatively inexpensive computer designed for an individual user. PCs are based on the microprocessor technology that enables manufacturers to put an entire CPU on one chip. Businesses use personal computers for word processing, accounting, desktop publishing, and for running spreadsheet and database management applications. At home, the most popular use for personal computers is playing games and surfing the Internet.

Although personal computers are designed as single-user systems, these systems are normally linked together to form a network. In terms of power, nowadays high-end models of the Macintosh and PC offer the same computing power and graphics capability as low-end workstations by Sun Microsystems, Hewlett-Packard, and Dell.

engineering applications (CAD/CAM), desktop publishing, software development, and other such types of applications which require a moderate amount of computing power and relatively high-quality graphics capabilities.

Workstations generally come with a large, high-resolution graphics screen, a large amount of RAM, inbuilt network support, and a graphical user interface. Most workstations also have mass storage device such as a disk drive, but a special type of workstation, called diskless workstations, comes without a disk drive.

Common operating systems for workstations are UNIX and Windows NT. Like PC, workstations are also single-user computers like PC but are typically linked together to form a local area network, although they can also be used as stand-alone systems.

Minicomputer

It is a midsize multi-processing system capable of supporting up to 250 users simultaneously.

The uses of Minicomputers

The minicomputers are used as real-time applications in Industries, bookings, and Research Centres. Banks also use minicomputers for preparing payroll for employees’ salaries, records, tracking of financial accounts, etc. As well as in the field of Higher Education and Engineering

Mainframe

The mainframe is very large in size and is an expensive computer capable of supporting hundreds or even thousands of users simultaneously. Mainframe executes many programs concurrently and supports much simultaneous execution of programs.

Mainframe computers are mainly used by departmental and commercial organizations like Banks, Companies, Scientific research centers, and governmental departments like railways. These computers can work for 24 hours. Hundreds of users can work on these computations simultaneously.

Using the mainframe completes the tasks, Such as keeping details of payments, research centres, advertising, sending bills and notices, paying employees, ticket booking, maintaining details of purchases by users, keeping detailed tax details, etc.

Supercomputer

Supercomputers are one of the fastest computer’s currently available. Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require an immense amount of mathematical calculations (number-crunching).

For example, weather forecasting, scientific simulations, (animated)graphics, fluid dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research, electronic design, and analysis of geological data (e.g. in petrochemical prospecting).

Uses of supercomputers are dedicated to In research and study of energy and nuclear weapons and designing the aircraft, airplanes, and flight simulators.

Climate research and Weather Forecasting and Prediction of Natural Disasters.

Spaceship and Satellite Launching.

Used in scientific research laboratories.

Used in Chemical and Biological research and for highly calculation complex tasks.

Memory

Memory actually takes many different forms. We know that when we store a memory, we are storing information. But, what that information is and how long we retain it determines what type of memory it is. The biggest categories of memory are short-term memory (or working memory) and long-term memory, based on the amount of time the memory is stored. Both can weaken due to age, or a variety of other reasons and clinical conditions that affect memory.

Computer memory is a generic term for all of the different types of data storage technology that a computer may use, including RAM, ROM, and flash memory. Some types of computer memory are designed to be very fast, meaning that the central processing unit (CPU) can access data stored there very quickly.

Types of Computer Memory: Primary and Secondary Primary Memory Types: RAM and ROM There are two key types of primary memory:

RAM, or random access memory

ROM, or read-only memory

Let’s look in-depth at both types of memory.

The most important things to understand about RAM are that RAM memory is very fast, it can be written to as well as read, it is volatile (so all data stored in RAM memory is lost when it loses power) and, finally, it is very expensive compared to all types of secondary memory in terms of cost per gigabyte. It is because of the relative high cost of RAM compared to secondary memory types that most computer systems use both primary and secondary memory.

ROM Computer Memory

ROM stands for read-only memory, and the name stems from the fact that while data can be read from this type of computer memory, data cannot normally be written to it. It is a very fast type of computer memory which is usually installed close to the CPU on the motherboard.

ROM is a type of non-volatile memory, which means that the data stored in ROM persists in the memory even when it receives no power – for example when the computer is turned off. In that sense it is similar to secondary memory, which is used for long term storage.

Secondary Memory Types

Secondary memory comprises many different storage media which can be directly attached to a computer system. These include:

Hard disk drives

Secondary memory also includes:

Storage arrays including 3D NAND flash arrays connected over a storage area network (SAN)

Image Scanner & Data Scanner Drum Printers & Pen Plotter LCD & LED Monitors Large Venue Projectors & Home Cinema Projectors

 ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD

(Department of Computer Science)

WARNING

1. PLAGIARISM OR HIRING OF GHOST WRITER(S) FOR SOLVING THE ASSIGNMENT(S) WILL DEBAR THE STUDENT FROM AWARD OF DEGREE/CERTIFICATE, IF FOUND AT ANY STAGE.

2. SUBMITTING ASSIGNMENT(S) BORROWED OR STOLEN FROM OTHER(S) AS ONE’S OWN WILL BE PENALIZED AS DEFINED IN “AIOU PLAGIARISM POLICY”.

3. 
   

Course: Introduction of ICT (1431 / 9421)    Semester: Autumn, 2021

Level: ADC/ADE/BS/BEd   

Please read the following instruction for writing your assignments. (AD, BS, BEd, MA/MSC, MEd, MPhil and PhD)

1. All questions are compulsory and carry equal marks but within a questions the marks are distributed according to its requirements

2. Read the questions carefully and then answer it according to the requirements of the question.

3. Hand written scanned assignments are not acceptable

4. Upload your typed (in Word or PDF format) assignments on or before the due date.

5. Late assignments can’t be uploaded on LMS.

6. Your own analysis and synthesis will be appreciated.

7. Avoid irrelevant discussion/information and reproducing from books, study guide or allied material   

ASSIGNMENT No. 1

(Unit 1–4)

Total Marks: 100                               Pass Marks: 50

Note: All questions are compulsory. All carry equal marks.

Q:2. Differentiate the Following ?

Image Scanner & Data Scanner

Drum Printers & Pen Plotter

LCD & LED Monitors

Large Venue Projectors & Home Cinema Projectors

Image Scanner & Data Scanner

An image scanner is a digital device used to scan images, pictures, printed text and objects and then convert them to digital images. Image scanners are used in a variety of domestic and industrial applications like design, reverse engineering, orthotics, gaming and testing. The most widely used type of scanner in offices or homes is a flatbed scanner, also known as a Xerox machine. This modern image scanner is a descendant of early fax input devices and telegraphy equipment. Various types of scanners:

Drum Scanners:

These scan an image with photomultiplier tubes (PMT). The reflective originals are accumulated with an acrylic cylinder or drum, which rotates when the object is passed for scanning in front of the precision optics. These optics then transmit the image information to the PMT. For color, a drum scanner uses three PMTs for reading red, blue and green.

Flatbed Scanners:

These consist of a glass pane and a moving optical array of charge-coupled device (CCD) scanning. Flatbeds contain three arrays of sensors along with red, green and blue filters. Images to be scanned are placed flat on the pane and a dense cover is used to keep out ambient lights. Then the sensor arrays and light source move across to read the full image area. For transparent images, special accessories for illuminating them from the upper side are used.

Film Scanners:

Slide or negative film strips are placed in a carrier inside the film scanner. This carrier is moved with the help of a motor along a lens and a CCD sensor.

Scanner data

Scanner data are the data recorded by the retailors when consumers make purchases. They include, for each article sold in a store on a given day, the quantity of articles sold and the sales price. They are transmitted daily by the retail chains to in see. These data are used in the compilation of the Consumer Price Index or in research on this indicator.

Drum Printers & Pen Plotter

Drum Plotters

The drum plotter is a specialized output device whose name indicates its function. This device works by moving a pen on a single axis track while the paper moves on a cylindrical drum. Typically, the drum moves the paper to the right and left, while the pen or pens draw up and down. If you use more than one pen, then you can have different colors.

That drum adds another axis during printing, allowing you to create graphs up to the size of the drum itself. Being able to print graphics of any width and length adds great versatility in printing a wide variety of large documents. Some of the documents created include architectural drawings.

Pen Plotters

Pen plotters are basically just a robot arm with a pen on the end. They differ from printers in that they draw lines, rather than laying down dots. That makes them vector-, rather than raster-based, with all the advantages that brings in terms of resolution and speed.

They’re not a new technology at all — the earliest reference to something similar that I can find is from Italian teacher Andrea Bina, who in 1751 used a pendulum with a pointer attached to the bottom to trace lines in sand during earthquakes. Over time, these kinds of analogue recording devices attached to measuring tools became XY writers, and these eventually became digitally controlled. The plotter was born.

The heyday of plotters was in the 1960s and 70s, when they were used in much the same way that printers are today. In computer-aided design, in particular, they could produce line drawings very quickly at a quality much higher than the printers of the time. As printer technology improved, though, they became defunct for most purposes.

 

LCD & LED Monitors

Differences between LCD and LED are important to understand as they are both very co-related and it is possible to get confused between one and the other. LCD is the abbreviation for liquid crystal display while LED is the abbreviation for light-emitting diodes. They differ from one another in the fact that LCDs usually use fluorescent lights while lights use light-emitting diodes. The structure of both LCD and LED is quite the same as the technology behind these screens is the same. The differing television types have two different layers of polarized glass and through this glass, the liquid crystals get blocked as well as pass the light. Thus, this is one of the key differences and similarities between LCD and LED.

The table given below lists the differences between LCD and LED. In short, knowing about LCD Vs LED will help to a greater extent.

IT Difference between LCD and LED
LCD	LED
LCD stands for liquid crystal display.	LED stands for light-emitting diodes.
All LCDs are not a subset of LED TV.	All LEDs are a subset of LCD TV.
LCDs primarily use fluorescent lights.	LEDs use light-emitting diodes.
Fluorescent lights used are usually placed behind the screen.	Light-emitting diodes are usually placed behind the screen or around the edges.
LCDs are usually thicker and lack energy efficiency compared to LEDs.	LEDs are much thinner and are much more energy-efficient.

Large Venue Projectors & Home Cinema Projectors

Large Venue projectors are generally over 7000 Lumens, have interchangeable lenses, and more options for the professional installation. They are used in houses of worship, large conference rooms, and auditoriums.

Large venue projectors are very different to those used in offices or meeting rooms. First of all they are considerably larger and significantly brighter (they start at 6000 ansi lumens) than office projectors. They also have features dedicated to producing images on a large scale such as on board edge-blending and stacking capabilities.

Large venue professional projectors also feature horizontal and vertical lens shift as well as a fleet of optional lenses available which allow you to create your desired image regardless of the environment.

Home Cinema Projectors

This is for people who want to spend the time and money to reproduce the dark viewing experience of a commercial movie theater in their home. And if you love the pure, super high quality film and video experience, nothing can beat it. Because home theater projectors are meant to be viewed in the dark, they are designed to give you absolute maximum black levels and contrast. Meanwhile, the picture quality is optimized with not too much brightness since an overly bright picture in a dark room will give you eyestrain and a headache before too long.

What is a computer? Explain the advantages of computer in daily life.

 ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD

(Department of Computer Science)

WARNING

1. PLAGIARISM OR HIRING OF GHOST WRITER(S) FOR SOLVING THE ASSIGNMENT(S) WILL DEBAR THE STUDENT FROM AWARD OF DEGREE/CERTIFICATE, IF FOUND AT ANY STAGE.

2. SUBMITTING ASSIGNMENT(S) BORROWED OR STOLEN FROM OTHER(S) AS ONE’S OWN WILL BE PENALIZED AS DEFINED IN “AIOU PLAGIARISM POLICY”.

3. 
   

Course: Introduction of ICT (1431 / 9421)    Semester: Autumn, 2021

Level: ADC/ADE/BS/BEd   

Please read the following instruction for writing your assignments. (AD, BS, BEd, MA/MSC, MEd, MPhil and PhD)

1. All questions are compulsory and carry equal marks but within a questions the marks are distributed according to its requirements

2. Read the questions carefully and then answer it according to the requirements of the question.

3. Hand written scanned assignments are not acceptable

4. Upload your typed (in Word or PDF format) assignments on or before the due date.

5. Late assignments can’t be uploaded on LMS.

6. Your own analysis and synthesis will be appreciated.

7. Avoid irrelevant discussion/information and reproducing from books, study guide or allied material   

ASSIGNMENT No. 1

(Unit 1–4)

Total Marks: 100                               Pass Marks: 50

Note: All questions are compulsory. All carry equal marks.

Q:01. (B) What is a computer? Explain the advantages of computer in daily life. (20)

Answers: Computer

A computer is a machine that can be programmed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations automatically. Modern computers can perform generic sets of operations known as programs. These programs enable computers to perform a wide range of tasks. A computer system is a “complete” computer that includes the hardware, operating system (main software) 2007 and peripheral equipment needed and used for “full” operation. This term may also refer to a group of computers that are linked and function together, such as a computer network or computer cluster.

A broad range of industrial and consumer products use computers as control systems. Simple special-purpose devices like microwave ovens and remote controls are included, as are factory devices like industrial robots and computer-aided design, as well as general-purpose devices like personal computers and mobile devices like smartphones. Computers power the Internet, which links hundreds of millions of other computers and users.

 

Advantages of computer in daily life.

Increase your productivity Computers increase your productivity and, with a good understanding of the software running on them, you become more productive at everything you do.

Connects you to the Internet

Connecting a computer to the Internet unlocks its full potential. Once connected, your choices and available options, as far as information goes, are almost limitless. Many of the benefits listed on this page pertain to a computer connected to the Internet.

Helps sort, organize, and search through information

A computer can use its stored information more efficiently than any other device. In our earlier example, we mentioned the ability to store thousands of books. Once those books are stored on a computer, they can be sorted into categories, alphabetized, and searched to find what you’re looking for in a few seconds.

Get a better understanding of data.

Computers can also give you a better understanding of data and big data. For example, a business could have a database of items they’ve sold Using that data, they can quickly identify what sells best at what time of year, when to mark up or down items, and what items are not selling.

Keeps you connected

Computers help keep you connected with long-distance friends and family over e-mail and social networking. You can also connect with millions of other people who share your same interests through online forums, chat, und VoIP services, like Skype.

Help you learn and keep you informed

One of the most significant impacts computers have on our community is when computers are connected to the Internet. It is an educational tool that helps answer almost any question, teaching you anything that interests you.