ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD
(Department of Computer Science)
WARNING
PLAGIARISM OR HIRING OF GHOST WRITER(S) FOR SOLVING THE ASSIGNMENT(S) WILL DEBAR THE STUDENT FROM AWARD OF DEGREE/CERTIFICATE, IF FOUND AT ANY STAGE.
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Course: Introduction of ICT (1431 / 9421) Semester: Autumn, 2021
Level: ADC/ADE/BS/BEd
Please read the following instruction for writing your assignments. (AD, BS, BEd, MA/MSC, MEd, MPhil and PhD)
All questions are compulsory and carry equal marks but within a questions the marks are distributed according to its requirements
Read the questions carefully and then answer it according to the requirements of the question.
Hand written scanned assignments are not acceptable
Upload your typed (in Word or PDF format) assignments on or before the due date.
Late assignments can’t be uploaded on LMS.
Your own analysis and synthesis will be appreciated.
Avoid irrelevant discussion/information and reproducing from books, study guide or allied material
ASSIGNMENT No. 1
(Unit 1–4)
Total Marks: 100 Pass Marks: 50
Note: All questions are compulsory. All carry equal marks.
Q:03 (a). Discuss the classification of computer with examples. Also explain the types of memory in detail?
.
PC (Personal Computer)
A PC can be defined as a small, relatively inexpensive computer designed for an individual user. PCs are based on the microprocessor technology that enables manufacturers to put an entire CPU on one chip. Businesses use personal computers for word processing, accounting, desktop publishing, and for running spreadsheet and database management applications. At home, the most popular use for personal computers is playing games and surfing the Internet.
Although personal computers are designed as single-user systems, these systems are normally linked together to form a network. In terms of power, nowadays high-end models of the Macintosh and PC offer the same computing power and graphics capability as low-end workstations by Sun Microsystems, Hewlett-Packard, and Dell.
engineering applications (CAD/CAM), desktop publishing, software development, and other such types of applications which require a moderate amount of computing power and relatively high-quality graphics capabilities.
Workstations generally come with a large, high-resolution graphics screen, a large amount of RAM, inbuilt network support, and a graphical user interface. Most workstations also have mass storage device such as a disk drive, but a special type of workstation, called diskless workstations, comes without a disk drive.
Common operating systems for workstations are UNIX and Windows NT. Like PC, workstations are also single-user computers like PC but are typically linked together to form a local area network, although they can also be used as stand-alone systems.
Minicomputer
It is a midsize multi-processing system capable of supporting up to 250 users simultaneously.
The uses of Minicomputers
The minicomputers are used as real-time applications in Industries, bookings, and Research Centres. Banks also use minicomputers for preparing payroll for employees’ salaries, records, tracking of financial accounts, etc. As well as in the field of Higher Education and Engineering
Mainframe
The mainframe is very large in size and is an expensive computer capable of supporting hundreds or even thousands of users simultaneously. Mainframe executes many programs concurrently and supports much simultaneous execution of programs.
Mainframe computers are mainly used by departmental and commercial organizations like Banks, Companies, Scientific research centers, and governmental departments like railways. These computers can work for 24 hours. Hundreds of users can work on these computations simultaneously.
Using the mainframe completes the tasks, Such as keeping details of payments, research centres, advertising, sending bills and notices, paying employees, ticket booking, maintaining details of purchases by users, keeping detailed tax details, etc.
Supercomputer
Supercomputers are one of the fastest computer’s currently available. Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require an immense amount of mathematical calculations (number-crunching).
For example, weather forecasting, scientific simulations, (animated)graphics, fluid dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research, electronic design, and analysis of geological data (e.g. in petrochemical prospecting).
Uses of supercomputers are dedicated to In research and study of energy and nuclear weapons and designing the aircraft, airplanes, and flight simulators.
Climate research and Weather Forecasting and Prediction of Natural Disasters.
Spaceship and Satellite Launching.
Used in scientific research laboratories.
Used in Chemical and Biological research and for highly calculation complex tasks.
Memory
Memory actually takes many different forms. We know that when we store a memory, we are storing information. But, what that information is and how long we retain it determines what type of memory it is. The biggest categories of memory are short-term memory (or working memory) and long-term memory, based on the amount of time the memory is stored. Both can weaken due to age, or a variety of other reasons and clinical conditions that affect memory.
Computer memory is a generic term for all of the different types of data storage technology that a computer may use, including RAM, ROM, and flash memory. Some types of computer memory are designed to be very fast, meaning that the central processing unit (CPU) can access data stored there very quickly.
Types of Computer Memory: Primary and Secondary Primary Memory Types: RAM and ROM There are two key types of primary memory:
RAM, or random access memory
ROM, or read-only memory
Let’s look in-depth at both types of memory.
The most important things to understand about RAM are that RAM memory is very fast, it can be written to as well as read, it is volatile (so all data stored in RAM memory is lost when it loses power) and, finally, it is very expensive compared to all types of secondary memory in terms of cost per gigabyte. It is because of the relative high cost of RAM compared to secondary memory types that most computer systems use both primary and secondary memory.
ROM Computer Memory
ROM stands for read-only memory, and the name stems from the fact that while data can be read from this type of computer memory, data cannot normally be written to it. It is a very fast type of computer memory which is usually installed close to the CPU on the motherboard.
ROM is a type of non-volatile memory, which means that the data stored in ROM persists in the memory even when it receives no power – for example when the computer is turned off. In that sense it is similar to secondary memory, which is used for long term storage.
Secondary Memory Types
Secondary memory comprises many different storage media which can be directly attached to a computer system. These include:
Hard disk drives
Secondary memory also includes:
Storage arrays including 3D NAND flash arrays connected over a storage area network (SAN)
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